Voting rights for individuals convicted of a felony vary widely by state. In ME and VT voting is still permitted, including while incarcerated. In 23 states (CA,CO,CT,HI,IL,IN,MD,MA,MI,MN,MT,NV,NH,NJ,NM,NY,ND,OH,OR,PA,RI,UT,WA) those with a felony conviction are unable to vote while incarcerated, while in 15 (AK, AR, GA, ID, KS, LA, MO, NE, NC, OK, SC, SD, TX,WV, WI) they also are unable to vote until the completion of the sentence (including probation or parole). In 10 states (AL, AZ, DE, FL, IA,KY, MS, TN, VA, WY ) individuals can lose their voting rights indefinitely for certain felony convictions or require additional steps or time to restore their right to vote.
In MO, individuals on probation or parole from a felony conviction are prohibited from voting (RsMO §155.133). Legislation proposed in the 2025 session would have restored voting rights to individuals on probation or parole, except for those who had committed a crime related to voting (HB 617). As of May 2025, there were approximately 57,000 people under MO Department of Corrections (DOC) supervision (probation or parole) following a felony conviction (Figure 1, Supplementary Table 1).
Figure 1. Map of DOC Supervision (probation or parole). Counts of those on probation or parole following a felony conviction by county of residence.
Supplementary Table 1. Supervision counts by the county of residence. Counties ranked in order of the number under supervision following a felony conviction. The top 60 counties are included in the table totaling 89% of those under supervision. Data from MO DOC 2025.
10 ILCS 5/3-5. [link]
Ala. Const. art VII § 177 https://alison.legislature.state.al.us/constitution
Alaska Division of Elections. (n.d.) Restoration of Voting Rights. https://www.elections.alaska.gov/Core/restorationofvotingrights.php
Arizona Revised Statute § 13-908 https://www.azleg.gov/viewdocument/?docName=https://www.azleg.gov/ars/13/00908.htm
Ark. Const. Amendment 51 §11 [link]
California Secretary of State (2025) Voting Rights: Persons with a Prior Felony Conviction. https://www.sos.ca.gov/elections/voting-resources/voting-california/who-can-vote-california/voting-rights-californians
Colorado Secretary of State (n. d.) Voters with Convictions FAQs. https://www.sos.state.co.us/pubs/elections/FAQs/VotingAndConviction.html
Commonwealth of Kentucky.(2020) Civil Rights Restored. https://civilrightsrestoration.ky.gov/Pages/qualify.aspx
Commonwealth of Pennsylvania (n.d.) Information for Justice-Involved Individuals. https://www.pa.gov/agencies/vote/voter-support/your-rights-and-the-law/criminal-status-and-voting.html
Commonwealth of Virginia (n.d) Restoration of Rights Process.https://www.restore.virginia.gov/restoration-of-rights-process/
Connecticut Statues Sec 9-46. Forfeiture of electoral rights. https://www.cga.ct.gov/current/pub/chap_143.htm#sec_9-46a
Delaware Elections (n. d.) Persons Convicted of a Felony. https://elections.delaware.gov/voter/felons.shtml
Florida Division of Elections (2024) Felon Voting Rights. https://dos.fl.gov/elections/for-voters/voter-registration/felon-voting-rights/
Georgia Secretary of State (2025) Register to Vote. https://sos.ga.gov/how-to-guide/how-guide-registering-vote
Hawaii Office of Elections (2021) Voters with a Felony Conviction. https://elections.hawaii.gov/voting/voters-with-a-felony-conviction/
Idaho Constitution Article VI Section 3. https://legislature.idaho.gov/statutesrules/idconst/ArtVI/Sect3/
Indiana Secretary of State (2025) Voter Registration. https://www.in.gov/sos/elections/voter-information/register-to-vote/
Iowa Secretary of State (2025) Voting Rights Restored. https://restoreyourvote.iowa.gov/
Kansas Secretary of State (2024) Frequently Asked Questions. https://sos.ks.gov/elections/election-faq.html
Louisiana R.S. 18:102. https://www.legis.la.gov/Legis/Law.aspx?d=81243
Maine Revised Statutes 21-A-3-2 §111. General Qualifications. https://www.mainelegislature.org/legis/statutes/21-a/title21-Asec111.html
Maryland State Board of Elections (2025) Voter Registration. https://elections.maryland.gov/voter_registration/index.html
Mass. Gen. Laws ch. 51, § 1. https://malegislature.gov/Laws/GeneralLaws/PartI/TitleVIII/Chapter51/Section1
MCL 168.758b Voting by persons confined in jail or prison prohibited. https://www.legislature.mi.gov/Laws/MCL?objectName=MCL-168-758B
Minnesota Statutes 201.014 Eligibility to Vote. https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/201.014
Mississippi Secretary of State (2025) Disenfranchising Crimes. [link]
Missouri Department of Corrections (DOC) (2025). Counts of the Number of People who are currently on Probation/Parole from a felony in the City of St. Louis and each County in Missouri.
Missouri House Bill 617. 103rd General Assembly. (2025) https://documents.house.mo.gov/billtracking/bills251/hlrbillspdf/0970H.04C.pdf
Montana Code Annotated 13-1-111. Qualifications of Voter. [link]
Nebraska Secretary of State (2025) Felon Voting Rights. https://sos.nebraska.gov/elections/felon-voting-rights
Nevada Secretary of State. (n.d.) Restoration of Voting Rights in Nevada. https://www.nvsos.gov/sos/elections/voters/restoration-of-voting-rights-in-nevada
New Jersy Statute Annotated Title 19 – Elections 19:4. https://nj.gov/state/dos-statutes-elections-19-01-09.shtml
New Mexico Secretary of State (2025) Voter Registration Information. https://www.sos.nm.gov/voting-and-elections/voter-information-portal-nmvote-org/voter-registration-information/
New York State Board of Elections (n.d.) Voting After Incarceration. https://elections.ny.gov/voting-after-incarceration
NH Rev Stat § 607-A:2 (2024) https://law.justia.com/codes/new-hampshire/title-lix/chapter-607-a/section-607-a-2/
North Carolina State Board of Elections (n. d.) Voter Eligibility for People Serving Felony Sentences. https://www.ncsbe.gov/registering/who-can-register/registering-person-criminal-justice-system
North Dakota Century Code 12.1-33-01 https://ndlegis.gov/cencode/t12-1c33.pdf#nameddest=12p1-33-01
Ohio Secretary of State. (n.d.) Restore your right. https://www.ohiosos.gov/elections/voters/restore-your-right/
Oklahoma Statutes § 26-4-101 https://oksenate.gov/sites/default/files/2019-12/os26.pdf
Oregon Revised Statute 137.2. https://www.oregonlegislature.gov/bills_laws/ors/ors137.html
R.I. Gen. Laws § 17-9.2-3 https://webserver.rilegislature.gov/Statutes/TITLE17/17-9.2/17-9.2-3.htm
Revised Statute of Missouri §155.133 https://revisor.mo.gov/main/OneSection.aspx?section=115.133&bid=5986&hl=
Revised Statutes of Missouri § 115.133 Qualification of Voters (2003) https://revisor.mo.gov/main/OneSection.aspx?section=115.133&bid=5986&hl=
South Carolina Code of Laws § 7-5-120. https://www.scstatehouse.gov/code/t07c005.php#7-5-120
Tennessee Secretary of State (2025) Restoration of Voting Rights. https://sos.tn.gov/elections/guides/restoration-of-voting-rights
Texas Election Code § 11.002. https://statutes.capitol.texas.gov/Docs/EL/htm/EL.11.htm#11.002
Utah Code 20A-2-101.5. https://le.utah.gov/xcode/Title20A/Chapter2/20A-2-S101.5.html?v=C20A-2-S101.5_2022050420220504
Vermont Statutes 17-43-1 § 2121 Eligibility of Voters. https://legislature.vermont.gov/statutes/fullchapter/17/043
Washington Secretary of State. (n. d.) Felony Convictions and Voting Rights. https://www.sos.wa.gov/elections/voters/voter-eligibility-resources/felony-convictions-and-voting-rights
West Virginia Code § 3-2-2 https://code.wvlegislature.gov/3-2-2/
Wis. Stat. § 6.30 https://docs.legis.wisconsin.gov/statutes/statutes/6/i/03
Wyo. Stat. Ann. § 6-10-106 https://wyoleg.gov/statutes/compress/title06.pdf
